WHO WERE THE SHUDRAS? How they came to be the Fourth Varna in the Indo-Aryan Society - Page 237

218 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

Bhishma—On ministers of four Varnas, 112

Bharadwaja Sutra—Reference to Shudra’s right to sacrifice, 108-109

Bharatas—128-30,192-93

Bode, Dastur—Meaning of ‘Varna’ in Indo-Iranian Literature, 83

Bopp, Dr.—Theory of common ancestry of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Germanic languages, 78

Brahmanic—Literature full of legends of creation, 37-41; analysis of legends, 41; Theories about origin of Shudras most unsatisfactory, 65 66; Literature, its two ideologies relating to creation, 87-96; Comparison of the two ideologies— sacerdotal and secular, 97; Writers’ invention of false etymologies to suit prevalent meaning of words,

102-03; Forgeries of Purusha Sukta and Smritis, 137-38

Brahmins—Origin of, according to Purusha Sukta, 22; Are Dwijas, 24; Superior to all other classes in status, 26, 32; As savarnas, Dwijas and Traivarnika, 36; Their special rights and privileges against Shudras, 56; Their indifference or apologetic attitude towards disabilities of Shudras, 57; Their Law compared with Roman Law is communal and arbitrary, 63-64; Accept theory of Aryan conquest of India for it establishes their kinship with Europeans, 80; Mentioned as separate Varna sixteen times in Rig Veda, 133; Dispute with Kshatriyas, 148-49; Conflict with Kshatriyas, 140-55; Technique for degrading Shudras: refusal of Upanayana, 156, 208; Exclusive right to officiate at Upanayana,

173-74, 177, 184-85; Penalties on, or performing unauthorised Upanayana, 181, 208; Instances of denial of Upanayana to other Varnas, 175; Vs. Shivaji, 175-78,

178-82; Their thesis: no Kshatriyas exist in Kaliyuga, 176; Alone can determine status of Hindu, 177,

184; Never accepted law of precedents, 179-83; Fifty thousand, receive Dakshina at Shivaji’s coronation, 179-80: Question Kshatriya status of Maharajas of Satara and Kolhapur, 182-84; Degraded Shudra community out of revenge against Shudra kings, 186-89; Enough provocation to, for conflict with Shudras, 189-90: Catalogue of privileges claimed by, 189-90: Challenged by (Shudra) Kshatriyas in their privileges, 190-92 Stories of their reconciliation with Shudras,

192-97 Stories to glorify, 197-98; Conscious of class interests in Rig Vedic times, 202

Brihaspati Dharma Shastra—Disabilities of Shudras under, 48

Brihaspati Smriti—Disabilities of Shudras under, 49

Buddha—And Buddhism, their inability to shake Chaturvarnya, 23

Buhler, Dr.—On Shudras’ eligibility to become Brahmins, 110

Chandala—A Pratiloma, 198; Rights inferior to other Pratilomas, 199; Manu’s laws against, 199; and reasons for their severity, 200 Chhandogya Upanishad—Explanation of origin of Vedas from deities, 33; Describes Rishi Janasruti, author of Rig Vedic Hymns as Shudra, 108

Chaturvarnya—Ideal of Indo Aryan Society, 23; Buddha’s ineffective challenge to, 23; Manu invests, with divinity, 24; Basis of, graded inequality, 26; A political jugglery,

31-33; Later development of, creation of fifth Varna and separtaion of Shudras from Traivamikas, 35 36; One Aryan tribe believer in, the other non-believer in, 97; See also, 40-41,80, Varna, Aryan, Shudras, Manu