z:\ ambedkar\vol 011\vol11 06.indd MK SJ+YS 5 10 2013/YS 18 11 2013 420
420 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES
No trial could take place without a proper number of Bhikkhus required to constitute a Court.
No trial would be legal without a definite charge.
V
No trial could be legal if it did not take place in the presence of the accused.
No trial could be legal if the accused had not been given the fullest opportunity to defend himself.
The following punishments could be awarded against a guilty Bhikkhu:
(i) Tarjaniya Karma (warn and discharge).
(ii) Niyasha Karma (declaring insane).
(iii) Pravrajniya Karma (expulsion from the Sangh).
(iv) Utskhepniya Karma (boycott).
(v) Parivasa Karma (expulsion from Vihar).
- Expulsion may be followed by A BBANA K ARMA Abbana Karma means annulment of dismemberment. It may be followed after granting of Pardon granted by the Sangh after being satisfied with the proper performance of Parivasa Karma.
§ 8. The Bhikkhu and Confession
The most original and unique institution created by the Blessed Lord in connection with the organization of the Bhikkhus was the introduction of Confession, called U POSATH .
The Blessed Lord realized that it was possible to enforce what he had laid down as offences. But he had laid down certain restrictions which were not offences. He said that the restrictions were most intimately connected with building up of character and maintaining character; and that there was equal necessity to see that they were observed.
But the Lord could find no effective way of enforcing them. He therefore thought of Confession in open as a means of organizing the Bhikkhu’s conscience and making it act as a sentinel to guard him against taking a wrong or false step.